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THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2021, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 387-399 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021414

Abstract: a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition, ComplementarityComplementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space

Keywords： compensation competition complementarity cooperation interspecific interactions land equivalent

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Development of the expressed immunoglobulin μ chain repertoire during maturation of mice B cells

Jingwen LIANG,Yingfeng LUO,Yi SUN,Meng LEI,Bing ZHANG,Songnian HU,Yaofeng ZHAO

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2014, Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 201-213 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014017

Abstract: In the bone marrow and spleen, the developing B cell populations undergo both negative and positive selections to shape their B cell receptor repertoire. To gain insight into the shift of the immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) chain repertoire during B cell development, we undertook large scale Ig μ chain repertoire analysis of pre-B, immature B and spleen B cell populations. We found that the majority of V gene segments, V families, J and D gene segments, were observed to have significantly different usage frequencies when three B cell populations were compared, but the usage profile of the V D, and J genes between different B cell populations showed high correlations. In both productive and nonproductive rearrangements, the length of CDRH3 shortened significantly on average when B cells entered the periphery. However, the CDRH3 length distribution of nonproductive rearrangements did not follow a Gaussian distribution, but decreased successively in the order 3 -2, 3 -1 and 3 , suggesting a direct correlation between mRNA stability and CDRH3 length patterns of nonproductive rearrangements. Further analysis of the individual components comprising CDRH3 of productive rearrangements indicated that the decrease in CDRH3 length was largely due to the reduction of N addition at the 5′ and 3′ junctions. Moreover, with development, the amino acid content of CDRH3 progressed toward fewer positively charged and nonpolar residues but more polar residues. All these data indicated that the expressed Ig μ chain repertoire, especially the repertoire of CDRH3, was fine-tuned when B cells passed through several checkpoints of selection during the process of maturation.

Keywords： repertoire complementarity determining region 3 of the IgH chain (CDRH3) immunoglobulin heavy chain variable